Oppression in Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers Essay -- Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers A

Accounting Analysis Blenheim Instruments Ltd

Question: Talk about the Repot of Accounting Analysis for Blenheim Instruments Ltd. Answer: Jenny Pike, the associate bookkeeper for Blenheim Instruments Ltd while concluding the monetary record of the organization for the bookkeeping time of 30th June 2015 saw that the firm had taken a credit from ABB Bank. Jenny Pike came to see that two clients of the previously mentioned organization are under liquidation and the opportunity to recuperate the obligation sum will fall obviously by 10%. The organization as indicated by the advance understanding needs to keep the proportion to 1.25:1 and this adjustment paying off debtors owing will result to alteration in the proportion, which will affect the fiscal report of the organization. The central bookkeeper of the organization subsequent to tuning in to the worries guaranteed Jenny that such changes would not hamper the money related revelations of the organization. The bank needs to know the figures of 30th June and any progressions because of the adjustment in record of sale won't sway the budget report of this current year in light of the fact that the measure of cash recoverable for the obligation proprietors can't be guaranteed before the following bookkeeping time frame. The Chief bookkeeper affirmed that by that period, the misfortune could be recouped and consequently no decrease will occur of the proportion in the credit understanding. As indicated by the Question, in the event that I place myself instead of Jenny, at that point I would have taken a gander at the measure of receivable exaggerated to be determined sheet in the fiscal summary and how much obligation is the organization owes from the clients. Two of the clients have gone into liquidation, yet the aggregate sum recoverable from the indebted individuals is yet obscure. It isn't desirable over change the asset report as per the estimations of the aggregate sum of cash recoverable, thus the announcement of fund for 30th June 2015 will continue as before. The main bookkeeper much subsequent to thoroughly considering the difficult when guarantees that any exaggeration of the receivables won't concern the bank this year it isn't calculable to for me to roll out any improvements to the monetary record (Caplan and Dutta 2016). Mr. Russell Bayer, when feels that the supposition of 10% recoverable from awful obligation, can change in the following year in light of the fact that the conviction of extra terrible obligations is obscure and the measure of exaggeration made for the current year. It very well may be gotten before the finish of the following money related year then I feel it is no good reason for transform anything in the fiscal summary of the organization. The main bookkeeper is experienced staff and knows about the bookkeeping procedure, so when he guarantees not to freeze, at that point I ought not stress and finish the asset report arranged by us. Being the bookkeeper of the organization, I would leave the asset report as readied and plan to downplay the all out receivable from indebted individuals and equalization it with the genuine receivable from borrowers in the following bookkeeping time frame to keep up the proportion level as per the advance understanding. Subsequently I won't change information from the asset report from this year as the chiefs will likewise consent to keep the equivalent (Vogel 2014). Reference List Caplan, D. furthermore, Dutta, S.K., 2016. Dealing with the danger of misdirecting money related measurements in yearly reports: An initial move towards giving affirmation over administration's discussion.Journal of Accounting Literature,36, pp.1-27. Mileris, R. also, Boguslauskas, V., 2015. Information Reduction Influence on the Accuracy of Credit Risk Estimation Models.Engineering Economics,66(1). Vogel, H.L., 2014.Entertainment industry financial matters: A guide for monetary investigation. Cambridge University Press. ZAINUDIN, E.F. also, HASHIM, H.A., 2016. Distinguishing false monetary announcing utilizing money related ratio.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,14(2).

How long should a TOEFL Essay Be - The Best TOEFL Essay Length

How long should a TOEFL Essay Be - The Best TOEFL Essay Length January 8, 2020I am often asked howlong the two TOEFL essays should be. The quick answer to this is that an independent essayshould be between 380 and 400 words, while anintegrated essayshould be between 280 and 300 words.Let me explain where these numbers come from, and my general ideas about TOEFL essay length.It is true that when you are looking at the screen at the test center, the TOEFL software will suggest that a typical essay is much shorter than what I have suggested above. I caution you that a typical essay should not be your target. A typical TOEFL score is in the low twenties. If you want a higher score than that, you probably need to write more. Furthermore, I caution you that the suggestion given by the software is not a limitor arequirement. Youwill not be penalized for writing more than the suggestion.For the independent TOEFL essay, I feel that 380 to 400 words is long enough to use a varied vocabulary and fairly advanced grammatical structures. Moreover, it gives st udents a better chance of hitting some of the high scoring vocabulary specificto the given question. It also allows for a good mix of long and short sentences. Trying to fit all of the features required for a high score into a short essay is possible but it can be very difficult.Regarding the integrated essay, I feel that 280 to 300 words is enough to write one or two sentences about the reading, and two good sentences about the lecture in each body paragraph. Your comprehension of the lecture is critical to your score, so you need to show off how much you heard. Writing a typical essay usually leads to very short lecture summaries. This length will also allow you to follow the templatescontained in my guide to the task. How long should a TOEFL Essay Be - The Best TOEFL Essay Length Students often struggle to use recently and nowadays properly in their writing. Heres a quick guide to the proper usage.The BasicsUse nowadays to talk about the state of the world, as in: Nowadays, a lot of people choose to attend university.Use recently to talk about a specific event which happened in the recent past, as in: My husband recently decided to study Spanish.Word PlacementBoth are adverbs. Recently looks fine at the beginning or end of a sentence. It can also be used in the middle (right beside the verb). As in:Recently, my husband decided to study Spanish.My husbandrecentlydecided to study Spanish.My husband decided to study Spanishrecently.Note the comma in the first sentence.Nowadays is usually best at the beginning or end of a sentence. As in:Nowadays, a lot of people choose to attend university.A lot of people choose to attend universitynowadays.Using it in the middle of a sentence is a bit trickier, but it is possible if you use parenthetical commas before and after it, as in:A lot people,nowadays, choose to attend university. How long should a TOEFL Essay Be - The Best TOEFL Essay Length To score well on theTOEFL Independent essay you must writea mix of both simple and compound sentences. If you aren’t familiar with these terms, you should check outthis detailed explanation. Basically, though, a simple sentence contains just one clause (Michael ate ice cream today), while a compound sentence contains two clauses (Michael ate ice cream, but he really wanted pizza) joined with a conjunction.In your TOEFL essay you need to useboth types. This will increase your grammatical complexity (which is rewarded) and will help you avoid writing too many short sentences (sentences of less than seven words are punished by the e-rater).Examples of Compound Sentences using Coordinating ConjunctionsThe key to writing good compound sentences is masteringcoordinating conjunctions. These are sentences that use a conjunction likefor, and, nor, but, or, yetandsoto join two clauses. Some examples include:I bought my tickets early,andI got a really good deal.My boyfriend had to work late,s oI went to the movie alone.I will need to ask my professor for help,orspend a lot of time researching the topic in the library.I was unable to find a job,forall of the businesses in my town had closed down.Saving for the future can be difficult,butit will ensure a comfortable retirement.I spent several hours every evening studying for the test,yetI still got a low score.Young students don’t have much self-control,sothey should be required to attend all of their classes.More examples can be found right here.More Samples From Real TOEFL EssaysThere are also many examples in mycollection of sample TOEFL essays,including:“I was required to listen to the opinions of others,so I was a more open-minded person after the class finished.”“Discussions in class teach students how to communicate effectively,andthey can use this skill to excel in their future careers”Books are much longer than online articles,sothey are much more useful to students.I based my research on the book rathe r than the articles,soI was able to write an insightful essay.The assignment made up about half of my total grade in the class,so I approached my work with diligence and care.No one was injured,but we suffered a lot of emotional trauma.People back then had neither safe working conditions,nor effective safety equipment.ConclusionNote that you can also create compound sentences using semicolons (as demonstrated here), but I strongly recommend that TOEFL test-takers do not do this. It will often lead to mistakes, as even native speakers struggle to use semicolons properly.

Biography of Black Bart Roberts, Successful Pirate

Bartholomew Black Bart Roberts (1682–Feb. 10, 1722) was a Welsh pirate and the most successful buccaneer of the so-called Golden Age of Piracy, capturing and looting more ships than contemporaries such as Blackbeard, Edward Low, Jack Rackham, and Francis Spriggs combined. At the height of his power, he had a fleet of four ships and hundreds of pirates to go with his organizational skills, charisma, and daring. He was killed in action by pirate hunters off the African coast in 1722. Fast Facts: Bartholomew Roberts Famous For: Highly successful pirateAlso Known As: Black Bart, JohnBorn: 1682 near  Haverfordwest, WalesDied: Feb. 10, 1722 off the Guinea coast Early Life Little is known of Roberts early life, other than that he was born near  Haverfordwest, Wales in 1682 and his real first name was possibly John. He took to sea at a young age, proving himself a competent sailor, as by 1719 he was second mate on the slave ship Princess. The Princess went to Anomabu, in present-day Ghana, to pick up slaves in mid-1719. That June, the Princess was captured by Welsh pirate Howell Davis, who forced several crew members, including Roberts, to join his band. Only six weeks after Black Bart was forced to join the crew, Davis was killed. The crew took a vote, and Roberts was named the new captain. Although he was a reluctant pirate, Roberts embraced the role of captain. According to contemporary historian Capt. Charles Johnson (who might have been Daniel Defoe), Roberts felt that if he must be a pirate, it was better being a commander than a common man. His first act was to attack the town where Davis had been killed in order to avenge his former captain. Rich Haul Roberts and his crew headed for the coast of South America to look for booty. After several weeks they found a treasure fleet bound for Portugal getting ready in All Saints Bay off northern Brazil. Waiting nearby were 42 ships and their escorts, two massive men-of-war with 70 guns each. Roberts sailed into the bay as if he were part of the convoy and took one of the ships without anyone noticing. He had the ships master point out the richest ship at anchor, then sailed up and attacked. Roberts captured the ship and both vessels sailed away; the escort ships couldnt catch them. Double-Crossed Soon after, while Roberts was chasing another prize, some of his men, led by Walter Kennedy, made off with the treasure ship and most of the loot. Roberts was infuriated. The remaining pirates devised a set of articles and made newcomers swear to them. They included payments for those injured in battle and punishments for those who stole, deserted, or committed other crimes. The articles excluded Irishmen from becoming full members of the crew, most likely because of Kennedy, who was Irish. Overwhelming Ships Roberts quickly added weapons and men to reach his former strength. When authorities in Barbados learned that he was nearby, they outfitted two pirate hunter ships to bring him in. Roberts saw one of the ships and, not knowing it was a heavily armed pirate-hunter, tried to take it. The other ship opened fire and Roberts was forced to flee. After that, Roberts was always harsh to captured ships from Barbados. Roberts and his men made their way north to Newfoundland in June 1720 and found 22 ships in the harbor. The crews and townspeople fled at the sight of the pirates flag. Roberts and his men looted the ships, destroying and sinking all but one, which they commandeered. They then sailed out to the banks, finding several French ships and keeping one. With this small fleet, Roberts and his men captured many more prizes in the area that summer. They then returned to the Caribbean, where they captured dozens of vessels. They changed ships often, selecting the best vessels and outfitting them for piracy. Roberts flagship was usually renamed  Royal Fortune, and he would often have fleets of three or four ships. He began calling himself the Admiral of the Leeward Islands. He was sought out by two ships of would-be pirates looking for pointers; he gave them advice, ammunition, and weapons. Roberts Flags Four flags are associated with Roberts. According to Johnson, when Roberts sailed to Africa, he had a black flag bearing a skeleton, representing death, that held an hourglass in one hand and crossbones in the other. Nearby were a spear and three drops of blood. Another Roberts flag  also was black, with a white figure, representing Roberts, holding a flaming sword and standing on two skulls. Beneath them was written ABH and AMH, standing for A Barbadian Head and A Martinicos Head. Roberts hated the governors of Barbados and Martinique for sending  pirate hunters  after him and was always cruel to ships from either place. When Roberts was killed, according to Johnson, his flag featured a skeleton and a man with a flaming sword, signifying defiance of death. The flag most commonly associated with Roberts  was black and displayed a pirate and a skeleton holding an hourglass between them. Deserters Roberts often faced discipline problems. In early 1721, Roberts killed one crew member in a brawl and was attacked later by one of that mans friends. This caused a division among the already disgruntled crew. One faction wanted out, convincing the captain of one of Roberts ships, Thomas Anstis, to desert Roberts. They did, setting out on their own in April 1721. Anstis proved to be an unsuccessful pirate. Meanwhile, the Caribbean had become too dangerous for Roberts, who headed for Africa. Africa Roberts neared Senegal in June 1721  and began raiding shipping along the coast. He anchored at Sierra Leone, where he heard that two Royal Navy ships, the  Swallow  and the  Weymouth, had been in the area but had left a month before. They took the  Onslow, a massive frigate, renamed her the  Royal Fortune,  and mounted 40 cannons. With a fleet of four ships and at the height of his strength, he could attack anyone with impunity. For the next few months, Roberts took dozens of prizes. Each pirate began amassing a small fortune. Cruelty In January 1722, Roberts showed his cruelty. He was sailing off Whydah, a well-known slaving area, and found a  slave ship, the  Porcupine, at anchor. The captain was ashore. Roberts took the ship and demanded a ransom from the captain, who refused to deal with pirates. Roberts ordered the Porcupine burned, but his men didnt release the slaves on board. Johnson describes the slaves miserable choice of perishing by fire or water, writing that those who jumped overboard were seized by sharks and tore limb from limb alive ... A cruelty unparalelld! Beginning of the End In February 1722, Roberts was repairing his ship when a large vessel approached. It turned to flee, so Roberts sent his consort vessel, the  Great Ranger, to capture it. The other ship was actually the  Swallow, a large man-of-war that had been looking for them under the command of Capt. Challoner Ogle. Once they were out of Roberts sight, the Swallow  turned and attacked the  Great Ranger. After a two-hour battle, the  Great Ranger  was crippled and her remaining crew surrendered. Ogle sent the  Great Ranger  limping away with the pirates in chains and went back for Roberts. Final Battle The  Swallow  returned on Feb. 10 to find the  Royal Fortune  still at anchor. Two other ships were there: a tender to the  Royal Fortune  and a trading vessel, the  Neptune. One of Roberts men had served on the  Swallow  and recognized it. Some men wanted to flee, but Roberts decided to fight. They sailed out to meet the  Swallow. Roberts was killed in the first broadside as grapeshot fired from one of the  Swallows cannons tore out his throat. Obeying his standing order, his men threw his body overboard. Without Roberts, the pirates lost heart and within an hour they surrendered. One hundred and fifty-two pirates were arrested. The  Neptune  had vanished, but not before looting the abandoned smaller  pirate ship. Ogle set sail for Cape Coast Castle on Africas west coast. A trial was held at  Cape Coast Castle. Of the 152 pirates, 52 Africans were sold back into slavery, 54 were hanged, and 37 were sentenced to serve as indentured servants and sent to the West Indies. Those who could prove they had been forced to join the crew against their will were acquitted. Legacy Black Bart Roberts was the greatest pirate of his generation: it is estimated that he took 400 ships during his three-year career. He isnt as famous as some contemporaries, such as Blackbeard,  Stede Bonnet,  or  Charles Vane, but he was a much better pirate. His nickname seems to have come from his dark hair and complexion instead of a cruel nature, although he could be as ruthless as any contemporary. Roberts owed his success to many factors, including his charisma and leadership, his daring and ruthlessness, and his ability to coordinate small fleets to maximum effect. Wherever he was, commerce came to a halt; fear of him and his men made merchants stay in port. Roberts is a favorite of true pirate buffs. He was mentioned in  Robert Louis Stevensons Treasure Island. Iin the movie The Princess Bride, the name Dread Pirate Roberts refers to him. He often appears in pirate video games and has been the subject of novels, histories, and movies. Sources Cordingly, David. .Under the Black Flag  Random House, 1996.Johnson, Capt. Charles (Defoe, Daniel?). A General History of the Pyrates. Dover Publications, 1972/1999.Konstam, Angus.  The World Atlas of Pirates.  Lyons Press, 2009.Bartholomew Roberts: Welsh Pirate. Encyclopedia Brittanica.

Mahatma Gandhi The Greatest Force At The Disposal Of...

Mahatma Gandhi once said â€Å"Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man†. Gandhi revolutionized the way people confronted problems by using nonviolent protest. Instead of attacking the British with physical force, he made his grievances known and confronted them with words and peaceful demonstrations. Throughout my life, I’ve tried my best to use this idea when I interact with others and with how I handle problems. I want to be kind but assertive. I try to not make any direct attacks against the person involved, and keep in mind the struggles of people around me. I make sure to remain peaceful and not rush in with violence. (or in my†¦show more content†¦When I find out somebody is having a rough day, I try to make things easier on that person, even if it’s just in little ways. When my brother is having one of his worse days, I try to bake cookie s or offer to pay for dinner out, because I know he enjoys those things. Most of the time he won’t tell me what’s wrong, but I still try to be a good sister and friend. As much as I try to live up to how Gandhi acted, I definitely need to improve on living up to the rest of my philosophy. While I’ve been good about the peaceful aspect of it, I don’t really follow through on the second half: confronting people when I am upset. While Gandhi was peaceful, he always made sure the British knew his grievances. I, on the the other hand, tend to keep my anger bottled up without ever actually addressing the problem. As of right now, all the things people do that upset me are never spoken aloud. Instead, I have piles and piles of letters in my closet that will never be delivered. Each envelope is addressed to someone in my life. Inside are notes about things they’ve done to hurt me. However, I never actually talk to them about it. The letters (as well as my frustration) just sit and collect dust. If I’m being honest, I don’t think that’s a very healthy coping mechanism because it doesn’t leave me feeling satisf ied. Instead, it just leaves me without a sense of closure. My problem is that I’ve gone for so long without confrontation that I don’t know if I couldShow MoreRelatedGandhi s Impact On India887 Words   |  4 PagesMohandas Gandhi. Gandhi was the leader of Indian nationalism and is well known as one of the greatest national leaders in the twentieth century .He was strong and determined to give his country the independence they deserved. Also, he was kind of man who would risk anything to give India the freedom they wished for. However, he didn’t host violent protests or encourage angry mobs. Instead, Gandhi helped his country gain their freedom using non-violence. â€Å"Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposalRead MoreThe Civil Rights Era Of The United States1141 Words   |  5 PagesGandhi said, â€Å"Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.† (Gandhi). The Civil Rights era was filled with a slew of various protests attempting to bring equality to the African American race in the United States. During this period in history, African American people of all social classes and places across the country were racially oppressed and were denied basic rights that were availableRead MoreThe 1982 movie Gandhi, starring Ben Kingsley and Candice Bergen had both strengths and weaknesses.2500 Words   |  10 PagesThe 1982 movie Gandhi, starring Ben Kingsley and Candice Bergen had both strengths and weaknesses. One of the movies weaknesses was that it left a lot of gaps. It is understandable why they had to leave a lot of gaps. The movie was supposed to depict the whole life of Gandhi. If they had of put every detail of Gandhi’s life, every year of every sentence he spent in jail, the movie would be way longer than three plus hours. I just think that they could have better picked and chosen which parts toRead More 366 JUSTICE DELAYED IS JUSTICE DENIED ARTICLE2959 Words   |  12 Pagesinfamous Best Bakery riot case in Gujarat. Before I start I would like to highlight something about the origin of the quoted line Justice delayed is justice denied. This line was written by William Ewart Gladstone (1809 - 1898). He was one of the greatest of English Politicians and also former British Prime Minister. The 15th August 1947 is a red-letter day to the Indians. India got freedom on this day at midnight. The last ship carrying British soldiers left India for England. 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Does the state have the right to force continued existence on those who don’t want to live? 6. What is the value of death prior to society’s perspective on personal values? 7. Should the doctor have sympathy for the woman’s suffering, or should he care more about what society might think

How to Learn a Foreign Language Free Essays

In this world, there are many type of language exist. Some of them exist since the ancient history such as Mandarin and Arabic. However, plenty of them was formed by the evolvement of other language. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Learn a Foreign Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, Korean and Japanese languages exist from the evolvement of Mandarin Language. Other than that, Malay language exist from the evolvement of Arabic language and all them still been used until now on. Moreover, today life needs us to learn the foreign language for the communication among our community in daily life.So, we need to learn the foreign language step by step until we get used to it. The most vital things that a language will never exist without it is vocabulary. First of all, we need to fulfill our brain with a bunch of vocabularies in order to communicate with other races. The ways that we can do are by reading the foreigner language’s books. We can start by reading the easiest and fun book such as comics and then we try to get the feel of the language. Therefore, with the basic vocabulary, we can talk to them without any doubt.After that, we should up to the next step which is mastering the language grammar. As all of us know, a language without any grammar form is not a true language. The reason is, the unique of a language is depends on the grammar. So what would we do is, find any tutor class which can help us with our grammar. Actually, we don’t have to take a long period to mastering it. Just a few months needed to learn the basic grammar. But as a precaution, please be prepared ourselves with patience because many people cannot stand still whilst learning a grammar.However, once you had grabbed the knowledge about the grammar, it will never let you down because you will have no more problem to use it. The final step is not so vital as the vocabulary and grammar, but it is needed to build our confident in ourselves. Since we learn a foreign language, it is necessary for us to use it thoroughly or it will be a waste. So, what we will do is practicing it. ‘’practice make perfect’’ in all things including the communication skills.There are many ways we can keep practicing it such as talk with our teacher or friends or we can chatting with the language user in many social network. For example, facebook, twitter, yahoo messenger, friendster and etc. so, there is no reason for us to feel shame to use the foreign language. As a conclusion, the three steps should be taken in order for us to learn the foreign language. What the important things is be confident with ourselves and never feel ashamed to use it. The moment that you had felt confident with your grammar and vocabulary, you will fall in love to the language deeply in your heart. How to cite How to Learn a Foreign Language, Papers

Tess Of The DUrbervilles By Thomas Hardy Essays - Film, Literature

Tess of the d'Urbervilles By Thomas Hardy Tess of the d'Urbervilles By Thomas Hardy Four main characters (and one-sentence description of each) Tess Durbeyfield - She is the main character who is raped, then married, but shunned by her husband because of the rape while before they were married, he had an affair. Alec d'Urberville - He is a man believed by the Durbeyfield's to be a relative, but Tess finds out that he is no relative. He falls in love with Tess and rapes her. Angel Clare - Tess met him at Talbothay's farm and they fell in love to later get married but separated immediately after the marriage. Joan Durbeyfield - She is Tess' mother who pushed Tess to find help in the d'Urbervilles only to get Tess raped, and tells Tess to never mention the rape or the child to anyone. Two minor characters (and one-sentence description of each) Marian - She was a worker at Talbothay's with Tess and fell in love with Angel like Tess, but after Tess married Angel, she remained strong and helped Tess find work after Angel left. The Clare's - These are the members of Angel's family who did not know of Tess' problems, but would have helped her if they did. Three main settings (and one-sentence description of each) Marlott - This is Tess' home town where she grew up and returned to after the incident at the d'Urbervilles. Alec d'Urberville's house - Tess went to stay at this house after their family fell in need and sought help from the supposed relatives. Talbothays - Trying to find a new life, Tess came here and met Angel whom she fell in love with and married despite competition from three other girls. One paragraph plot outline The father of the Durbeyfield household is wandering home when he is told that he is of the ancient line of the d'Urbervilles, a once powerful family. Knowing this, he returns home happy and relays the news to his family. Although being from a once great family, his current family is in need and decides to seek help from relatives by the name of d'Urberville. The family sent Tess to ask them for help. Tess went and began working for them. However, she finds out that they are not truly of the d'Urberville line and simply changed their names to d'Urberville. Also, she finds out that the son of the house, Alec, is not of good character. He rapes her and she gets pregnant. She leaves for home in a bad mood. Gives birth, and works with the other girls in the fields. The baby dies and Tess decides to look for a new life elsewhere where no one knows of her and the incident after promising herself that she would never get married. She ends up at Talbothays working as a milk maid. There, she meets three girls and a man, Angel Clare, working there. She and the other three girls like Angel, but Angel picks Tess out of the three. They fall in love, and get married. However, Tess never told Angel about the rape and the child until the night after the wedding. Although he had an affair before the wedding, he grows furious and leaves her to go to America where he grows ill. In the meantime, Tess returns home distraught and seeks to flee from her troubles. She meets Alec who still loves her and keeps pressing her to marry him saying that Angel is never going to come back. Marian, one of the girls who liked Angel, finds Tess work at the farm she works at. There she works for a year before deciding to live with Alec. She lives with Alec for a while before Angel comes back expressing his continuing love for her. However, to leave Alec, she murders him and leaves with Angel. They stay in a house on the way home for a week. However, when they leave, Tess is arrested for murder and executed. Angel marries Tess' younger sister as Tess' last wish. Two symbols and references The pillar with the hand print - This pillar symbolizes Tess' guilt of adultery and murder. Alec says that it was erected by the druid's for some punishment, while others say it was a cross. Tess was arrested after sleeping by it. Tess' baby - This baby symbolized Tess' bad circumstances which was out of Tess' control. It symbolizes innocence in a sense since this baby was innocent having done nothing wrong, but it was punished by society for coming from such an evil act. Having been raped, Tess was also innocent of the

The 10 Most Bizarre Easter Traditions

The 10 Most Bizarre Easter Traditions Whips, water, and fire – not exactly the things you might think of when you think of Easter traditions. In a few days, the U.S. will be filled with children dyeing eggs, eating chocolate bunnies, and making trails out of jellybeans. Still, Easter is one of the few holidays that is celebrated worldwide. Because of this, there are some very unique ways of celebrating Easter that may shock you. 1. Knock-knock, Who’s There? Louisiana Egg Knocking Even though it’s a part of the U.S., parts of Louisiana are more foreign that countries outside of our borders. In some of the deepest parts of the bayou, Easter celebrations begin with an egg-knocking ceremony. Teams of competitors tie their eggs with strings and knock them together. The person whose egg cracks first loses, and the game is played until there is an â€Å"Egg King.† 2. Go Fly A Kite In Bermuda, the weeks leading up to Easter are marked by building kites which are only flown on Easter Day. These kites are made of anything that local kite-makers can find, from crates to ties and old clothing. One of the most important elements of the Bermuda Easter kites is the â€Å"hummer,† which makes a loud buzzing sound when the kite is in flight. 3. Whips and Water? In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, whipping and water are just normal parts of the Easter festivities. On the Monday after Easter, men craft colorful whips from Willow branches and give the women in their lives playful lashes. The whipping is supposed to keep women beautiful and fertile for another year, and also acts as a flirtation device. But, the women aren’t without recourse. The next day, they retaliate by throwing water on the heads of their attackers. 4. A Fair Egg Exchange In places where Hungarian is spoken (Translyvania, Southern Slovakia, and parts of Serbia), there is also a tradition of pouring water. In these countries, the day after Easter is called â€Å"Watering Monday.† Men will traditionally visit families with women and girls and sprinkle them with perfume in exchange for the Easter eggs. 5. Trick or Easter In Finland and Sweden, the one tradition most Americans think of as Halloween-ish are celebrated at Easter. Children in these countries often carry pussy willows on Palm Sunday instead of palms. Then, the day after Easter, they decorate the pussy willows in colorful paint and knock on doors. The community gives children candy in exchange for the beautiful decorations. 6. Light it Up In a number of countries, Easter is celebrated by huge bonfires. Often, children (especially teenage boys) run through town gathering any scrapwood that they can find. These fires act as a competition, with the boy who has the largest fire as the winner. In Italy, the Scoppio del carro lights a fire from shards from the Holy Sepulchre which in turn sets off a huge fireworks display. 7. Rollin’, Rollin’, Rollin’ In England, Ireland, and Scotland, children participate in egg rolling as a part of their Easter fun. The goal is to roll an egg the farthest which makes the owner of the egg the Easter victor. There is also a superstition that eggs that don’t make it down the hill intact must be crushed completely, or the egg may be used by witches to do evil magic. 8. Pace Egg Plays Although this particular tradition fell out of style for a while, in recent years the Pace Egg Plays have become a fun part of Easter for many English, Irish, and Scots. These plays date back to the Crusades and revolve around the fictitious antics of St. George and a troublemaker named Old Tosspot. Watchers are encouraged to give Easter eggs to the two characters in exchange to see their traveling show. 9. A Man-Made Holiday In Russia, men aren’t allowed to cook, clean, or otherwise work on Easter. In fact, there is a tradition that says men shouldn’t even be allowed in the kitchen at all. If a man does, it’s said that his beard and moustache will immediately turn grey and he will age before his time. 10. Egg-Zellent In Bessieres, France, there is a tradition of feeding the whole town with a single omelet. According to legend, Napoleon stopped in the little village one night and ordered and omelet. He was so pleased with his meal that he asked all the villagers to bring their eggs so that the chef could create a meal for the whole town. Now, the feast is made from 15,000 eggs and 25,000 kilos of oil each year. Easter doesnt seem so boring now, right? This year you can try something new, celebrating Easter abroad or at least trying the weird Easter traditions with your friends in US. Have the Happy Easter, and tell us your stories!

Finding Government Contracting Opportunities

Finding Government Contracting Opportunities Once you are trained and registered as a government contractor, you can start looking for opportunities to do business with the federal government.FedBizOppsFedBizOpps is an essential resource. All federal contract solicitations (invitations to bid) with a value of $25,000 or more are published on FedBizOpps : Federal Business Opportunities. Government agencies publish the solicitations on FedBizOpps, and provide detailed information on how and when vendors should respond.GSA SchedulesThe largest government-wide contracts are established and administered by the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) under its GSA Schedules Program. Government agencies order goods and services directly from GSA Schedule contractors or through the GSA Advantage! online shopping and ordering system. Businesses interested in becoming GSA Schedule contractors should review the Getting on the GSA Schedules page. GSA schedule vendors can submit their contract proposals, offers and modifications over the Internet via GSAs eOffer system. Teaming and Subcontracting ArrangementsFrequently, businesses offering similar products or services will team up to bid on federal contract opportunities. Teaming with another business as a subcontractor is a great way to get your foot in the door in the federal government. The following resources provide guidance for creating teaming arrangements and subcontracting: GSA Schedule - Contractor Teaming ArrangementsUnder a Contractor Team Arrangement (CTA), two or more GSA Schedule contractors work together, by complementing each others capabilities, to offer a total solution to meet an ordering activitys requirement.GSA Subcontracting DirectoryUnder federal law, large business prime contractors receiving federal contracts valued at over $1 million for construction, $550,000 for all other contracts, are required to establish plans and goals for subcontracting with small business firms. This directory is a listing of GSA contractors with subcontracting plans and goals.SBA Subcontracting Network (SUB-Net)Prime contractors post subcontracting opportunities on SUB-Net. SUB-Net enables small businesses to identify and bid on opportunities. The kinds of opportunities it lists include solicitations or other notices, such as a search for teaming partners or subcontractors for future contracts. More Opportunities Business MatchmakingThis public-private partnership helps connect minority, women, veteran and disabled veteran owned firms with government contracting opportunities.Government Contracting Opportunities for Green BusinessesLaws and regulations now require federal agencies to purchase green (biobased, recycled content, and energy efficient) products. This guide helps vendors who supply green products compete for federal contracts.Selling Energy Efficient Products to the Federal GovernmentCompanies with energy-efficient products and services have special opportunities in the federal sector. This document highlights the major avenues to selling energy efficient products to the federal government.

Discuss the idea of good and evil in the poem of John Milton and Essay

Discuss the idea of good and evil in the poem of John Milton and Alexander Pope - Essay Example Pope’s essays on man can be considered to have not as much radical potential as Milton’s epic; however, the importance of this lies in its understanding of the Augustan age’s ideas of good and evil. This paper shall argue that the ideas that are discussed in these works derive from a transitional phase in English history and look at them during the course of it. In Book 1of Paradise Lost, Milton introduces a list of the fallen angels and presents their leader, Satan. The book shows the fallen angels lying in Hell, in council. There is a description of the various pagan gods that Milton considers evil in the book and they are referred to in the same breath as the fallen angels. In the midst of this scene, one finds that the figure of Satan is presented not just as a devil but also as a revolutionary who has rebelled against God. His standing at the head of the group of devils, inciting a continuing war against the Christian god is in the vein of a revolutionary wa ging war against a tyrant. This can be seen in the following lines- For who can think submission? War then, war Open or understood, must be resolved! (Milton 22) It is in such instances that Milton’s project to â€Å"justify the ways of God to men† (4) fails and the fissures in such a project are made visible. Satan is however, also not considered as a figure that one must seek to emulate as he seeks to corrupt innocent beings in order to satisfy his own need for power. This can be seen in his desire to change the course of God’s plan for Adam and Eve. One can thus say that the ideas of good and evil are problematized in the work of Milton. Both are not seen as separate watertight categories but overlapping ones that often overlap. While this may not always be a conscious decision on the part of the writer, the subtextual tension between these two categories plays itself out for the ambivalence to be created. Many consider this to be tensions that Milton himself faced following the Restoration in England. Having once been a supporter of a republic, Milton later supported monarchy and this ambivalence in his own mind can be seen in the way he reacts to the challenges of portraying the character of Satan. In his sonnets, Milton engages with ideas of good and evil that are much less political, in a certain sense. For instance, in the first sonnet, he talks of how he as a poet is a servant of the Muse of the Nightingale and the idea of love- Whether the Muse, or Love call thee his mate, Both them I serve, and of their train am I (Milton). The role of a poet is thus, like the nightingale, to serve love and to love is what is to be considered good. This makes the idea of evil the opposite of love, or hate. The idea of serving an omniscient and omnipotent master as good can also be seen in the seventh sonnet where he says, It shall be still in strictest measure even To that same lot however mean or high, Toward which time leads me and the will of heaven. All is, if I have grace to use it so, As ever in my great taskmaster's eye (Milton). To obey the will of God is what he considers to be virtue or goodness, in this sonnet and this is similar to the philosophy of life that he expounds in Paradise Lost. Pope too, in his work Essays on Man, talks of the need to obey God. For him, questioning the word of God as

Employee relations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employee relations - Coursework Example The relationship at workplace can be between any person in the organization, between coworkers, between workers and their superiors, between members who are in the same management among others. In any working environment, it is mandatory for employees to share a relationship that is healthy with one another so that they can ultimate product of their input is done to their best. In any workplace, the relationship that exists between the top management and the employees are of great value. Human relations starts from the starting point of employee training, addressing the needs of the employees, fostering an employee working place culture and resolving the conflicts that arises at the working environment between employees or employees and the top management. Every individual at working place shares a particular relationship with his or her fellow workers. Human beings at places of work are not machines who begin working at the press of a mere button. The employees need fellow workers whom they can talk to and share ideas, happiness and sorrow with each other. A healthy relation of employees reduces problems of absenteeism at the places of work when there is a good relation, individuals tend to be serious and put more effort towards their work. They do not take frequent leaves and do enjoy their work and the working environment. Employees’ incidents of complaints will reduce and start giving inputs to their best. Unitarist perspective This perspective assumes that an organization is an integrated and harmonious whole that deals with ideal of "one huge happy family". Its assumption is that the top management in the organization and other staff members all share a common purpose, emphasizes cooperation and have similar set of values, objectives and interests.

Gender Barriers inside Sports Essay -- Equality Feminism Athletics Ess

Gender Barriers inside Sports Throughout the history of sports, there has always been a gender barrier. There are certain sports that are aimed towards females and others that are directed towards males. When men or women enter a non-traditional sport for their gender, it is not widely accepted. However, there are those few athletes that pave the way for the rest and eventually our society will change and accept the new ideas in sports. Some people will always make judgments about the athletes who cross that gender barrier. At the same time there are others who will respect and look up to these athletes as role models who they will someday follow. In the movie Pumping Iron II, women bodybuilders are faced with judgments about their sexual orientation just because of their physical appearance. There is one character, Carla, who is always shown with her mother and sister, but never with a boyfriend or husband like the rest of the women. She does not feel the need to defend her sexuality and the audience never questions it, because she is more feminine than the other competitors. She wears girlish clothes and has a feminine face and hairstyle. Carla is also shown as a synchronized swimmer, which is an elegant and graceful sport. The manner in which she moves and her body frame differ from the rest of the women. One of the more "mannish" looking characters in the movie is Bev. Bev is the competitor with the most muscle. Her features, her hairstyle and her clothes are not as feminine as Carla's. Therefore, her sexuality is questioned. It is unfortunate that society links women's sports with mannishness and mannishness with lesbiani sm (Cahn 328). There are not only stereotypes of women in sports, but also of men. What is you... ... the future, sports will not be deemed male or female and athletes will be truly free to participate in whatever they love to do. Until then, athletes are still fighting with society and making breakthroughs everyday, creating an easier path for the generations to come. Works Cited Arnold, Gina. Synch Different. www.metroactive.com Cahn, Susan. "Crushes, Competition, and Closets: The Emergence of Homophobia in Women's Physical Education." Sexual Orientation. A.Dalke. Hult, J.S. "The Story of Women's Athletics: Manipulating a Dream 1890-1985." Women and Sport: Interdisciplinary Studies. Costa, M and Guthrie, S.R. Humant Kinetics Publ, 1994. Newberry, Paul. Sydney-Martin Short, Olympian? Associated Press, Sept.14, 2000. www.canoe.ca/2000GamesSynchro/sep14_fin.html-29k "Stereotypes are often overrated". http://idsnews.com/features/msjocks/page2.html

Nestle

Assignment 2 Nestle Dr. Mary Tranquillo HRM 560 Managing Organizational Change October 28, 2010 Organization changes that Nestle has undergone 1. Discuss the organization changes that Nestle has undergone. Nestle is the largest and most successful consumer packaged goods company in the world, founded and headquartered in Vevey Switzerland. Nestle successfully introduced many new products into many different parts of the food and beverage industry. The Nestle Company was established in 1867 by Henri Nestle.In the beginning, Nestle Company specialized in selling infant milk; which provided alternative for mothers who could not breast feed their infant. The value of the product was soon recognized, as it saved many children’s life. Today, Nestle is the world's largest and most diversified food company, with nearly 500 factories around the world, producing healthy, enjoyable food products for every stage of life. Nestle underwent many organizational changes. In 1905 Nestle Company merged with the Anglo Swiss Milk Company by the Page Brothers.The merger provided the company with a wide range of product line. According to Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, â€Å"Nestle changed its approach to global expansion and began purchasing global subsidiaries in foreign markets. † During the World War I Nestle purchased several factories in the United States to keep up with the increasing demand for condensed milk and dairy products via government contracts. When fresh milk became available again after the war, Nestle financial status suffered which caused a tremendous amount of debt.The price of ingredients was increasing, the economy slowed down and exchange rates deteriorated because of the war. During World War II many â€Å"executive offices offshore were transferred to the United States. These moves into the offshore markets were part of Nestle’s commitment to changing the company in order to increase efficiency and productivity† ( Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 2, pg. 109). After the war ended, consumer started switching to the type of favorite milk they liked with reference. Nestle was able to respond quickly to the change of demand; thus giving them a very high advantage to stay competitive in the market. In 1920, the company decided to enter the chocolate market as their second most important production. Nestle also did am unrelated diversification through their shareholding in L’Oreal in 1974. Later, Nestle made a second diversification which was outside of the food industry, the purchase of a pharmaceutical and ophthalmic company known as Alcon Laboratories Inc.As the years progress Nestle continue to its diversified strategic in acquiring many acquisitions: 1985 Carnation, 1988 Buitoni-Perugina, 1988 Rowntree, 1990 Cereal Partners Worldwide, 1991 Beverage Partners Worldwide (formerly CCNR), 1992 Perrier, 1998 San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods, and in 2000 the acquisition of Power Bar (http://hubpages. com/hub/nestle). Whether changes were first-order and/or second-order changes 2. Identify whether the changes were first-order and/or second-order changes and the rationale for your decision. It went through second-order change.Second- order, discontinuous change is â€Å"transformational, radical, and fundamentally alters the organization at its core. Second- order change entails not developing but transforming the nature of the organization† (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nestle sold its products through sales agents to countries outside of its home market. †¢Its launch into the American market was initiated when the First World War increased demand for dairy products. Nestle took this opportunity to establish its presence in the United States by acquiring several existing factories. In 1974 Nestle diversified for the first time out-side the food industry in order to promote growth. †¢I t became a major shareholder in the cosmetic giant L’Oreal. †¢Nestle later made a second foray outside the food industry with the purchase of Alcon Laboratories Inc. ,† (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). My rationale: Nestle transformed the nature of its organization Nestle fine tuned its organization and transferred its executive offices from Switzerland to the United States which allowed an improved and enhanced organizational stability. 3.Discuss whether or not the changes made were with an incremental approach as emphasized by Brabeck-Letmathe. Brabeck-Letmathe stated â€Å"why should we manufacture dramatic change? Just for changes sake? To follow some sort of fad with-out logical thinking behind it? We are very skeptical of any kind of fad† (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 7, pg. 109). He initiated a complete overhaul of the executive board, replacing it with 10 new executives. He claims that change is incremental; however he is making a radical change. Three examples of lessons from the front line 4.Identify three examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case and how these issues may be overcome. Three examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case are: †¢There is a dramatic pace of change in Nestle. This to be slowed down. †¢There is a high risk in its investments; the firm has to hedge its risks †¢There is a wrong policy in technology. Care needs to be taken in assuming that types of organizational changes can be neatly categorized as small, adaptive, and incremental compared to those that are large and transformational.Mental frameworks, individual perspectives, the extent to which a change is directly relevant to a person and his or her activities, and the degree to which he or she accepts the need for change. References Bikashkumarsha. (2010). Nestle's brand management strategies. Retrieved from http ://hubpages. com/hub/nestle. Palmer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach (2nd ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Nestle 10-11 Your firm organized its foreign operations in an international division. With foreign markets growing fast, the firm considers changing its organizational structure. What options does it have? What are the pros and cons of each option? Figure 1 Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between each elements of organizational architecture. Hill et. al (2012) identifies these elements one by one. Organization structure means three points.First, the formal division of the organization into subunits, such as product divisions, national operations and functions; second, the location of decision making responsibilities within that structure; third, the establishment of integrating mechanism to coordinate the activities of subunits including cross functional team and pan regional committees. Control system is the method to measure the performance of subunits and to judge the managers when running those subunits. Incentives are used to reward appropriate managerial behavior. It is close co nnected with the performance.Processes refers to the manner in which decisions are made and work is performed within the organization. Organizational culture refers to the norms and value systems that the employees of an organization share. People here means both the employees of the organization and the strategy used to recruit, compensate and retain those individual and type of people with skills, values and orientations. Organizational structure The organizational structure has three dimensions: vertical differentiation, horizontal differentiation and the integrating mechanisms.Each dimension will be explained below. Vertical differentiation The vertical differentiation indicated the location of decision making responsibilities within a structure. The vertical differentiation has two types of arguments: centralization and decentralization. There are four main arguments for centralization. First, centralization can facilitate coordination. An example might be a company have severa l different components manufactured in different countries which need coordinated. It can be achieved by centralizing production scheduling by managers.Second, centralization can help ensure that decisions are consistent with organizational objectives. Third, concentrating power and authority in one individual or a management team can assist the top level managers to bring about needed major organizational changes. Fourth, centralization can avoid the duplication of activities by several subunits with similar activities, which can improve the efficiency. There are also five arguments for decentralization. First, the top level manager may get overburdened, which may result poor decisions. Decentralization can solve this problem.Second, researches show that people are willing to give more to their jobs when they have a greater degree of individual freedom and control. Third, more rapid response to environmental change with greater flexibility is provided by decentralization. Fourth, d ecentralization can result in better decisions. This is because in a decentralization structure, the decisions can be made by person with better understanding and more information than managers. Fifth, decentralization can increase control by establish relatively autonomous, self-contained subunits within an organization.The responsibility of subunit managers are closely connected with the subunit performance. Therefore, centralize some core decisions and decentralize some operating decisions may be worth trying. Horizontal differentiation The horizontal differentiation is concerned with how the firm decides to divide itself into subunits. The decision is usually based on the firm’s function, type of business and geographical area. Domestic According to Hill et. al (2012), many firms begin with no formal structure and are run by a small group of people.When the firms grow, the organization is split into functions reflecting the firm’s value creation activities because the demand of management is great. It type of structure is functional structure. Top managers coordinate and control functions, such as purchasing, manufacturing, marketing and finance. Centralized decision is usual in this structure. A typical example of functional structure is the British airways, as show in figure 2. Figure 2 With the development of the firm product line, further differentiation may be necessary. A product divisional structure can be used to solve the problem caused by coordination and control.In a product divisional structure, each division is responsible for a distinct product line, as show in figure 3 Figure 3 Each division is set up as a self-contained, largely autonomous entity with its own function. The responsibility for operating decisions is usually decentralized to product divisions. The top manager is responsible for the overall strategic development of the firm and for financial control of the various divisions. International The above two structure i s based on domestic firms. When the firms expand internationally, they often group all their international activities into an international division.Both functional and product divisions structure at home may be replicate to the global. Regardless of a firm’s domestic structure, its international division tends to be organized on geography. Figure 4 is an example for a international division. Figure 4 In the figure, the products can be manufactured by divisions A, B and C, and then export to country1 and 2. However, the production line A, B and C may also build in country 1 and 2. For firm with a functional structure at home, the firm might replicate this structure in every countries it does business.Similar case might happen for the firms with divisional structure. Although this kind of structure is quite popular, it may raise several problems. It may create conflict and coordination problems between domestic and foreign operations. First, the top manager of this structure m ay not give as much voice in the organization as the top manager in domestic. Second, lack of coordination between domestic operations and foreign operations may cause isolation. In order to solve these problems, a worldwide product divisional structure and a worldwide area structure is raised and adopted by many firms.Figure 5 illustrates these two alternative paths of development. Figure 5 The worldwide product divisional structure is often adopted by firms which are reasonably diversified and has domestic structures based on product divisions. Figure 6 is a typical worldwide product divisional structure. This structure helps to realize the location and experience curve economies. It also facilitates the transfer of core competencies. The main problem of this structure is the limitation of voice it gives to area country managers as it makes them subservient to product division managers. Figure 6The worldwide area structure is suitable for firms with a low degree of diversification and a domestic structure based on functional structure. This structure divided the world into geographic areas and each area’s operations authority and strategic decisions are decentralized (figure 7). This structure facilitates local responsiveness. However, this structure can result in a fragmentation of the organization which makes it difficult to transfer core competencies and skills between areas. This structure is consistent with a localization strategy, but may also make it difficult to realize gains under a global standardization.Figure 7 Hill et. al (2012) indicates that a worldwide area structure is more appropriate for firm focus on localization strategy while a worldwide product divisional structure is more appropriate for firm focus on global standardization or international strategies. An attempted is made by some firms to use a matrix structure to cope with the conflicting demands of transnational strategy. The responsibility for operation decisions for a prod uct should be shared by the product division and various area of the firm. The global matrix structure allows for differentiation along two dimensions: the product division and geographic area.In a classic matrix structure, product divisions and geographical areas have equal status for operating decisions. In the reality, the global matrix structure may not work as well as the theory predicts. It may appeals as clumsy and bureaucratic. The decision making can be slow and the inflexible organization may not respond quickly to market change or to innovate. The dual-hierarchy structure can also lead to conflict between the areas and the product divisions. To make the matters worse is that it is difficult to ascertain the responsibility in this structure. Integrating mechanismFor an international or a transnational firm, there is greater need for coordination rather than a firm which pursuing a localization strategy. However, the different orientation or opinion of subunits will raise d ifferent goals, which may become the impediments to coordination. In order to overcome this problem, both formal and informal integrating mechanisms can be used to achieve coordination. As show in figure 8, the formal mechanisms integrate subunits use methods from direct contact and liaison roles to teams and a matrix structure. The complexity of the formal integrating mechanisms is positive correlated with the need of coordination.The problem of this solution is that the matrix structure tends to be bureaucratic, inflexible and characterized by conflict. Therefore, flexibility and supporting by the informal integrating mechanisms is necessary. Figure 8 The informal integrating mechanism can be defined as knowledge networks which are supported by the organization culture. Cross-unit cooperation and teamwork are the important content for the culture. The advantage of the network is that it is used as a nonbureaucratic conduit for knowledge flows with in a multinational enterprise.An example to for the structure of the network is shown in figure 9, the manager A, B and E, F are connected indirectly through manager C, D. If one problem is raised by manager A, the manager F or E can know this situation indirectly and provide solution. In order to operate the network successfully, all the managers must share a strong commitment to the same goals and adhere to a common set of norms and values that override differing subunit orientations, which means strong organizational culture is necessary for teamwork and cooperation. Figure 9 Nestle Assignment 2 Nestle Dr. Mary Tranquillo HRM 560 Managing Organizational Change October 28, 2010 Organization changes that Nestle has undergone 1. Discuss the organization changes that Nestle has undergone. Nestle is the largest and most successful consumer packaged goods company in the world, founded and headquartered in Vevey Switzerland. Nestle successfully introduced many new products into many different parts of the food and beverage industry. The Nestle Company was established in 1867 by Henri Nestle.In the beginning, Nestle Company specialized in selling infant milk; which provided alternative for mothers who could not breast feed their infant. The value of the product was soon recognized, as it saved many children’s life. Today, Nestle is the world's largest and most diversified food company, with nearly 500 factories around the world, producing healthy, enjoyable food products for every stage of life. Nestle underwent many organizational changes. In 1905 Nestle Company merged with the Anglo Swiss Milk Company by the Page Brothers.The merger provided the company with a wide range of product line. According to Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, â€Å"Nestle changed its approach to global expansion and began purchasing global subsidiaries in foreign markets. † During the World War I Nestle purchased several factories in the United States to keep up with the increasing demand for condensed milk and dairy products via government contracts. When fresh milk became available again after the war, Nestle financial status suffered which caused a tremendous amount of debt.The price of ingredients was increasing, the economy slowed down and exchange rates deteriorated because of the war. During World War II many â€Å"executive offices offshore were transferred to the United States. These moves into the offshore markets were part of Nestle’s commitment to changing the company in order to increase efficiency and productivity† ( Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 2, pg. 109). After the war ended, consumer started switching to the type of favorite milk they liked with reference. Nestle was able to respond quickly to the change of demand; thus giving them a very high advantage to stay competitive in the market. In 1920, the company decided to enter the chocolate market as their second most important production. Nestle also did am unrelated diversification through their shareholding in L’Oreal in 1974. Later, Nestle made a second diversification which was outside of the food industry, the purchase of a pharmaceutical and ophthalmic company known as Alcon Laboratories Inc.As the years progress Nestle continue to its diversified strategic in acquiring many acquisitions: 1985 Carnation, 1988 Buitoni-Perugina, 1988 Rowntree, 1990 Cereal Partners Worldwide, 1991 Beverage Partners Worldwide (formerly CCNR), 1992 Perrier, 1998 San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods, and in 2000 the acquisition of Power Bar (http://hubpages. com/hub/nestle). Whether changes were first-order and/or second-order changes 2. Identify whether the changes were first-order and/or second-order changes and the rationale for your decision. It went through second-order change.Second- order, discontinuous change is â€Å"transformational, radical, and fundamentally alters the organization at its core. Second- order change entails not developing but transforming the nature of the organization† (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nestle sold its products through sales agents to countries outside of its home market. †¢Its launch into the American market was initiated when the First World War increased demand for dairy products. Nestle took this opportunity to establish its presence in the United States by acquiring several existing factories. In 1974 Nestle diversified for the first time out-side the food industry in order to promote growth. †¢I t became a major shareholder in the cosmetic giant L’Oreal. †¢Nestle later made a second foray outside the food industry with the purchase of Alcon Laboratories Inc. ,† (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). My rationale: Nestle transformed the nature of its organization Nestle fine tuned its organization and transferred its executive offices from Switzerland to the United States which allowed an improved and enhanced organizational stability. 3.Discuss whether or not the changes made were with an incremental approach as emphasized by Brabeck-Letmathe. Brabeck-Letmathe stated â€Å"why should we manufacture dramatic change? Just for changes sake? To follow some sort of fad with-out logical thinking behind it? We are very skeptical of any kind of fad† (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 7, pg. 109). He initiated a complete overhaul of the executive board, replacing it with 10 new executives. He claims that change is incremental; however he is making a radical change. Three examples of lessons from the front line 4.Identify three examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case and how these issues may be overcome. Three examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case are: †¢There is a dramatic pace of change in Nestle. This to be slowed down. †¢There is a high risk in its investments; the firm has to hedge its risks †¢There is a wrong policy in technology. Care needs to be taken in assuming that types of organizational changes can be neatly categorized as small, adaptive, and incremental compared to those that are large and transformational.Mental frameworks, individual perspectives, the extent to which a change is directly relevant to a person and his or her activities, and the degree to which he or she accepts the need for change. References Bikashkumarsha. (2010). Nestle's brand management strategies. Retrieved from http ://hubpages. com/hub/nestle. Palmer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing organizational change: A multiple perspectives approach (2nd ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)

The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius or one-humped camel) is one of a half-dozen of camel species left on the planet, including llamas, alpacas, vicunas, and guanacos in South America, as well as its cousin, the two-humped Bactrian camel. All evolved from a common ancestor some 40-45 million years ago in North America. The dromedary was probably domesticated from wild ancestors roaming in the Arabian peninsula. Scholars believe that the likely site of domestication was in coastal settlements along the southern Arabian peninsula somewhere between 3000 and 2500 BC. Like its cousin the Bactrian camel, the dromedary carries energy in the form of fat in its hump and abdomen and can survive on little or no water or food for quite a long period. As such, the dromedary was (and is) prized for its ability to endure treks across the arid deserts of the Middle East and Africa. Camel transport greatly enhanced overland trade throughout Arabia particularly during the Iron Age, extending international contacts throughout the region along caravansaries. Art and Incense Dromedaries are illustrated as being hunted in New Kingdom Egyptian art during the Bronze Age (12th century BC), and by the Late Bronze Age, they were fairly ubiquitous across Arabia. Herds are attested from Iron Age Tell Abraq on the Persian Gulf. The dromedary is associated with the emergence of the incense route, along the western edge of the Arabian peninsula; and the ease of camel travel compared to substantially more dangerous sea navigation increased the use of overland trade routes connecting the Sabaean and later trading establishments between Axum and the Swahili Coast and the rest of the world. Archaeological Sites Archaeological evidence for early dromedary use includes the predynastic site of Qasr Ibrim, in Egypt, where camel dung was identified about 900 BC, and because of its location interpreted as dromedary. Dromedaries did not become ubiquitous in the Nile Valley until about 1,000 years later. The earliest reference to dromedaries in Arabia is the Sihi mandible, a camelid bone direct-dated to ca 7100-7200 BC. Sihi is a Neolithic coastal site in Yemen, and the bone is probably a wild dromedary: it is about 4,000 years earlier than the site itself. See Grigson and others (1989) for additional information about Sihi. Dromedaries have been identified at sites in southeastern Arabia beginning between 5000-6000 years ago. The site of Mleiha in Syria includes a camel graveyard, dated between 300 BC and 200 AD. Finally, dromedaries from the Horn of Africa were found at the Ethiopian site of Laga Oda, dated 1300-1600 AD. The bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus or two-humped camel) is related to, but, as it turns out, not descended from the wild bactrian camel (C. bactrianus ferus), the only survivor species of the ancient old world camel. Domestication and Habitats Archaeological evidence indicates that the bactrian camel was domesticated in Mongolia and China about 5,000-6,000 years ago, from a now-extinct form of camel. By the 3rd millennium BC, the bactrian camel was spread throughout much of Central Asia. Evidence for the domestication of Bactrian camels has been found as early as 2600 BC at Shahr-i Sokhta (also known as the Burnt City), Iran. Wild bactrians have small, pyramid-shaped humps, thinner legs and a smaller and slender body then their domestic counterparts. A recent genome study of wild and domestic forms (Jirimutu and colleagues) suggested that one characteristic selected for during the domestication process may have been enriched olfactory receptors, the molecules which are responsible for the detection of odors. The original habitat of the bactrian camel extended from the Yellow River in Gansu province of northwest China through Mongolia to central Kazakhstan. Its cousin the wild form lives in northwestern China and southwestern Mongolia particularly in the Outer Altai Gobi Desert. Today, bactrians are mainly herded in the cold deserts of Mongolia and China, where they contribute significantly to the local camel herding economy. Attractive Characteristics Camel characteristics which attracted people to domesticate them are pretty obvious. Camels are biologically adapted to harsh conditions of deserts and semi-deserts, and thus they make it possible for people to travel through or even live in those deserts, despite the aridity and lack of grazing. Daniel Potts (University of Sydney) once called the bactrian the principal means of locomotion for the Silk Road bridge between the old world cultures of the east and west. Bactrians store energy as fat in their humps and abdomens, which enables them to survive for long periods without food or water. In a single day, a camels body temperature can vary safely between an astounding 34-41 degrees Celsius (93-105.8 degrees Fahrenheit). In addition, camels can tolerate a high dietary intake of salt, more than eight times that of cattle and sheep. Recent Research Geneticists (Ji et al.) have recently discovered that feral bactrian, C. bactrianus ferus, is not a direct ancestor, as had been assumed prior to the onset of DNA research, but is instead a separate lineage from a progenitor species which has now disappeared from the planet. There are currently six subspecies of bactrian camel, all descendant from the single bactrian population of the unknown progenitor species. They are divided based on morphological characteristics: C. bactrianus xinjiang, C.b. sunite, C.b. alashan, C.B. red, C.b. brown, and C.b. normal. A behavioral study found that bactrian camels older than 3 months are not allowed to suck milk from their mothers, but have learned to steal milk from other mares in the herd (Brandlova et al.) See page one for information about the  Dromedary Camel.   Sources Boivin, Nicole. Shell Middens, Ships and Seeds: Exploring Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade and the Dispersal of Domesticates in and Around the Ancient Arabian Peninsula. Journal of World Prehistory, Dorian Q. Fuller, Volume 22, Issue 2, SpringerLink, June 2009.Brandlovà ¡ K, BartoÃ… ¡ L, and Haberovà ¡ T. 2013. Camel calves as opportunistic milk thefts? The first description of allosuckling in domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). PLoS One 8(1):e53052.Burger PA, and Palmieri N. 2013. Estimating the Population Mutation Rate from a de novo Assembled Bactrian Camel Genome and Cross-Species Comparison with Dromedary ESTs. Journal of Heredity: March 1, 2013.Cui P, Ji R, Ding F, Qi D, Gao H, Meng H, Yu J, Hu S, and Zhang H. 2007. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae. BMC Genomics 8:241.Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane. Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeolog ical Findings. Journal of World Prehistory, Olivier Hanotte, Volume 24, Issue 1, SpringerLink, May 2011.Grigson C, Gowlett JAJ, and Zarins J. 1989. The Camel in Arabia: A Direct Radiocarbon Date, Calibrated to about 7000 BC. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:355-362.Ji R, Cui P, Ding F, Geng J, Gao H, Zhang H, Yu J, Hu S, and Meng H. 2009. Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus). Animal Genetics 40(4):377-382.Jirimutu, Wang Z, Ding G, Chen G, Sun Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Hasi S et al. (The Bactrian Camels Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium) 2012. Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels. Nature Communications 3:1202.Uerpmann HP. 1999. Camel and horse skeletons from protohistoric graves at Mleiha in the Emirate of Sharjah (U.A.E.). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 10(1):102-118. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.1999.tb00131.xVigne J-D. 2011. The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere. Comptes Rendus Biologies 334(3):171-181.